Poyerekeza ndi ma radial flux motors, ma axial flux motors ali ndi ubwino wambiri pakupanga magalimoto amagetsi. Mwachitsanzo, ma axial flux motors amatha kusintha kapangidwe ka powertrain posuntha mota kuchokera ku axle kupita mkati mwa mawilo.
1. Mzere wa mphamvu
Ma mota ozungulira a axialakulandira chidwi chowonjezeka (kukweza mphamvu). Kwa zaka zambiri, injini yamtunduwu yakhala ikugwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zosasinthika monga ma elevator ndi makina a ulimi, koma m'zaka khumi zapitazi, opanga ambiri akhala akugwira ntchito yokonza ukadaulo uwu ndikuwugwiritsa ntchito pa njinga zamoto zamagetsi, ma pod a eyapoti, malole onyamula katundu, magalimoto amagetsi, komanso ndege.
Ma mota achikhalidwe a radial flux amagwiritsa ntchito maginito okhazikika kapena ma induction motors, omwe apita patsogolo kwambiri pakukweza kulemera ndi mtengo. Komabe, amakumana ndi zovuta zambiri popitiliza kukula. Axial flux, mtundu wosiyana kwambiri wa mota, ikhoza kukhala njira ina yabwino.
Poyerekeza ndi ma radial motors, malo ogwira ntchito a maginito a axial flux permanent magnet motors ndi pamwamba pa motor rotor, osati m'mimba mwake wakunja. Chifukwa chake, mu voliyumu inayake ya motors, ma axial flux permanent magnet motors nthawi zambiri amapereka mphamvu yayikulu.
Ma mota ozungulira a axialndi ang'onoang'ono kwambiri; Poyerekeza ndi ma radial motors, kutalika kwa axial kwa mota ndi kochepa kwambiri. Kwa ma wheel motors amkati, nthawi zambiri izi ndizofunikira kwambiri. Kapangidwe ka axial motors kamatsimikizira kuchuluka kwa mphamvu ndi torque kuposa ma radial motors ofanana, motero amachotsa kufunikira kwa liwiro lalikulu kwambiri logwira ntchito.
Kuchita bwino kwa ma axial flux motors nakonso n'kokwera kwambiri, nthawi zambiri kumapitirira 96%. Izi zimachitika chifukwa cha njira yaifupi, yofanana, yomwe ndi yofanana kapena yokwera kwambiri poyerekeza ndi ma 2D radial flux motors abwino kwambiri pamsika.
Kutalika kwa injini ndi kochepa, nthawi zambiri kumakhala kochepa ka 5 mpaka 8, ndipo kulemera kwake kumachepetsedwanso ka 2 mpaka 5. Zinthu ziwirizi zasintha kusankha kwa opanga nsanja zamagalimoto zamagetsi.
2. Ukadaulo wa Axial flux
Pali ma topology awiri akuluakulu ama mota ozungulira a axial: chozungulira chawiri chozungulira chimodzi (nthawi zina chimatchedwa makina a torus style) ndi chozungulira chimodzi chozungulira chawiri chozungulira.
Pakadali pano, ma mota ambiri okhazikika a maginito amagwiritsa ntchito radial flux topology. Dongosolo la magnetic flux limayamba ndi maginito okhazikika pa rotor, limadutsa dzino loyamba pa stator, kenako limayenda mozungulira motsatira stator. Kenako limadutsa dzino lachiwiri kuti likafike ku chitsulo chachiwiri cha maginito pa rotor. Mu dual rotor axial flux topology, flux loop imayamba kuchokera ku maginito yoyamba, imadutsa mozungulira m'mano a stator, ndipo nthawi yomweyo imafika ku maginito yachiwiri.
Izi zikutanthauza kuti njira yoyendera ma flux ndi yayifupi kwambiri kuposa ya ma radial flux motors, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ma mota azikhala ochepa, mphamvu zambiri komanso kugwira ntchito bwino pa mphamvu yomweyo.
Mota ya radial, komwe maginito amadutsa m'dzino loyamba kenako amabwerera ku dzino lotsatira kudzera mu stator, kufika pa maginito. Maginito amatsata njira ya magawo awiri.
Njira ya maginito yolumikizira maginito ya makina olumikizira maginito ndi ya mbali imodzi, kotero chitsulo chamagetsi choyang'ana tirigu chingagwiritsidwe ntchito. Chitsulochi chimapangitsa kuti madziwo adutse mosavuta, motero zimawonjezera magwiridwe antchito.
Ma radial flux motors nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito ma distributed windings, ndipo mpaka theka la ma winding end sagwira ntchito. Coil overhang idzapangitsa kuti pakhale kulemera kowonjezera, mtengo, kukana magetsi, komanso kutaya kutentha kwambiri, zomwe zimapangitsa opanga kukonza kapangidwe ka ma windings.
Malekezero a koyiloma mota ozungulira a axialndi zochepa kwambiri, ndipo mapangidwe ena amagwiritsa ntchito ma windings okhazikika kapena ogawidwa, omwe ndi othandiza kwambiri. Pa makina ozungulira a stator ogawidwa, kuphulika kwa njira ya magnetic flux mu stator kungabweretse kutayika kwina, koma pa ma axial flux motors, izi si vuto. Kapangidwe ka coil winding ndiye chinsinsi chosiyanitsa mulingo wa ogulitsa.
3. Chitukuko
Ma mota a axial flux amakumana ndi mavuto akuluakulu pakupanga ndi kupanga, ngakhale kuti ali ndi ubwino waukadaulo, mtengo wake ndi wokwera kwambiri kuposa wa ma mota a radial. Anthu amamvetsetsa bwino ma mota a radial, ndipo njira zopangira ndi zida zamakaniko zimapezekanso mosavuta.
Chimodzi mwa zovuta zazikulu za ma axial flux motors ndikusunga mpata wofanana wa mpweya pakati pa rotor ndi stator, chifukwa mphamvu ya maginito ndi yayikulu kwambiri kuposa ya ma radial motors, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kusunga mpata wofanana wa mpweya. Dual rotor axial flux motor ilinso ndi mavuto otaya kutentha, chifukwa kuzungulira kumakhala mkati mwa stator komanso pakati pa ma rotor discs awiri, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti kutaya kutentha kukhale kovuta kwambiri.
Ma mota a axial flux nawonso ndi ovuta kupanga pazifukwa zambiri. Makina ozungulira awiri omwe amagwiritsa ntchito makina ozungulira awiri okhala ndi topology ya ma yokes (monga kuchotsa goli lachitsulo kuchokera ku stator koma kusunga mano achitsulo) amathetsa mavuto enawa popanda kukulitsa kukula kwa mainchesi ndi maginito a injini.
Komabe, kuchotsa goli kumabweretsa mavuto atsopano, monga momwe mungakonzere ndikuyika mano a munthu payekha popanda kulumikizana ndi goli lamakina. Kuziziritsa mano ndi vuto lalikulu.
Komanso n'kovuta kupanga rotor ndikusunga mpweya wochepa, chifukwa rotor disc imakoka rotor. Ubwino wake ndi wakuti ma rotor disc amalumikizidwa mwachindunji kudzera mu mphete ya shaft, kotero mphamvu zimatsutsana. Izi zikutanthauza kuti bearing yamkati siimapirira mphamvu zimenezi, ndipo ntchito yake yokha ndikusunga stator pakati pa ma rotor disc awiriwa.
Ma mota awiri ozungulira a stator sakhala ndi mavuto a ma mota ozungulira, koma kapangidwe ka stator ndi kovuta kwambiri komanso kovuta kuchita zokha, ndipo ndalama zina zofanana nazo ndizokwera. Mosiyana ndi mota yachikhalidwe ya radial flux, njira zopangira ma mota a axial ndi zida zamakaniko zangoyamba kumene.
4. Kugwiritsa ntchito magalimoto amagetsi
Kudalirika ndikofunikira kwambiri mumakampani opanga magalimoto, ndipo kutsimikizira kudalirika ndi kulimba kwa magalimoto osiyanasiyanama mota ozungulira a axialKutsimikizira opanga kuti injini izi ndi zoyenera kupanga zinthu zambiri kwakhala kovuta nthawi zonse. Izi zapangitsa ogulitsa magalimoto a axial kuti achite mapulogalamu ambiri otsimikizira okha, ndipo ogulitsa aliyense akuwonetsa kuti kudalirika kwa injini zawo sikusiyana ndi magalimoto achikhalidwe a radial flux.
Chinthu chokhacho chomwe chingawonongeke mumota yolumikizira ma axialndi ma bearing. Kutalika kwa axial magnetic flux ndi kochepa, ndipo malo a ma bearing ndi pafupi, nthawi zambiri amapangidwa kuti akhale "ochulukirapo". Mwamwayi, mota ya axial flux ili ndi kulemera kochepa kwa rotor ndipo imatha kupirira katundu wochepa wa rotor dynamic shaft. Chifukwa chake, mphamvu yeniyeni yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito pa ma bearing ndi yaying'ono kwambiri kuposa ya mota ya radial flux.
Axle yamagetsi ndi imodzi mwa ntchito zoyamba za ma axial motors. M'lifupi mwake mopyapyala imatha kuphimba mota ndi gearbox mu axle. Mu ntchito zosakanikirana, kutalika kwa axial kwa mota kumafupikitsa kutalika konse kwa makina opatsira magetsi.
Gawo lotsatira ndikuyika mota ya axial pa gudumu. Mwanjira imeneyi, mphamvu imatha kutumizidwa mwachindunji kuchokera ku mota kupita ku magudumu, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mota igwire bwino ntchito. Chifukwa cha kuchotsedwa kwa ma transmissions, differentials, ndi driveshafts, zovuta za makinawo zachepanso.
Komabe, zikuwoneka kuti makonzedwe okhazikika sanawonekerebe. Wopanga zida aliyense woyamba akufufuza makonzedwe enaake, chifukwa kukula ndi mawonekedwe osiyanasiyana a ma axial motors amatha kusintha kapangidwe ka magalimoto amagetsi. Poyerekeza ndi ma radial motors, ma axial motors ali ndi mphamvu zambiri, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti ma axial motors ang'onoang'ono angagwiritsidwe ntchito. Izi zimapereka njira zatsopano zopangira mapulatifomu a magalimoto, monga kuyika mabatire.
4.1 Chigoba chogawika m'magawo
Ma mota a YASA (Yokeless and Segmented Armature) ndi chitsanzo cha ma mota a dual rotor single stator topology, omwe amachepetsa zovuta zopanga ndipo ndi oyenera kupanga zinthu zambiri zokha. Ma mota awa ali ndi mphamvu yamagetsi yofika 10 kW/kg pa liwiro la 2000 mpaka 9000 rpm.
Pogwiritsa ntchito chowongolera chodzipereka, chimapereka mphamvu ya 200 kVA pa mota. Chowongoleracho chili ndi voliyumu ya pafupifupi malita 5 ndipo chimalemera makilogalamu 5.8, kuphatikizapo kuyang'anira kutentha ndi kuzizira kwa mafuta a dielectric, koyenera ma axial flux motors komanso ma induction ndi ma radial flux motors.
Izi zimathandiza opanga zida zamagalimoto zamagetsi ndi opanga zida zoyambirira kusankha mota yoyenera kutengera momwe imagwiritsidwira ntchito komanso malo omwe alipo. Kukula ndi kulemera kochepa kumapangitsa galimotoyo kukhala yopepuka komanso kukhala ndi mabatire ambiri, motero imawonjezera mphamvu ya galimotoyo.
5. Kugwiritsa ntchito njinga zamoto zamagetsi
Pa njinga zamoto zamagetsi ndi ma ATV, makampani ena apanga ma mota a AC axial flux. Kapangidwe kamene kamagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pa mtundu uwu wa galimoto ndi mapangidwe a DC a axial flux, pomwe chinthu chatsopano ndi kapangidwe ka AC, kopanda burashi kotsekedwa kwathunthu.
Ma coil a ma DC ndi ma AC motors onse amakhalabe osasuntha, koma ma dual rotor amagwiritsa ntchito maginito okhazikika m'malo mozungulira. Ubwino wa njira iyi ndi wakuti sifunikira makina osinthira.
Kapangidwe ka AC axial kangagwiritsenso ntchito ma controller a AC motor a magawo atatu a ma radial motors. Izi zimathandiza kuchepetsa ndalama, chifukwa chowongolera chimayang'anira mphamvu ya torque, osati liwiro. Chowongolera chimafuna pafupipafupi ya 12 kHz kapena kupitirira apo, yomwe ndi pafupipafupi yodziwika bwino ya zida zotere.
Ma frequency apamwamba amachokera ku inductance yotsika ya 20 µ H. Ma frequency amatha kulamulira mphamvu yamagetsi kuti achepetse kugwedezeka kwamagetsi ndikuwonetsetsa kuti chizindikiro cha sinusoidal chikuyenda bwino momwe mungathere. Kuchokera pamalingaliro osinthika, iyi ndi njira yabwino yopezera mphamvu yowongolera bwino ya mota mwa kulola kusintha kwamphamvu kwamagetsi mwachangu.
Kapangidwe kameneka kamagwiritsa ntchito kuzunguliridwa kwa magawo awiri, kotero kutuluka kwa maginito kumayenda kuchokera ku rotor kupita ku rotor ina kudzera mu stator, ndi njira yayifupi kwambiri komanso magwiridwe antchito apamwamba.
Chofunika kwambiri pa kapangidwe kameneka ndichakuti imatha kugwira ntchito pa voteji yapamwamba kwambiri ya 60 V ndipo siyoyenera makina amphamvu kwambiri. Chifukwa chake, ingagwiritsidwe ntchito pa njinga zamoto zamagetsi ndi magalimoto a L7e okhala ndi mawilo anayi monga Renault Twizy.
Mphamvu yamagetsi yokwanira 60 V imalola injini kuphatikizidwa mu makina akuluakulu amagetsi a 48 V ndipo imapangitsa ntchito yokonza kukhala yosavuta.
Mafotokozedwe a njinga yamoto ya mawilo anayi ya L7e mu European Framework Regulation 2002/24/EC amanena kuti kulemera kwa magalimoto omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ponyamula katundu kusapitirire makilogalamu 600, kupatula kulemera kwa mabatire. Magalimoto awa amaloledwa kunyamula anthu osapitirira makilogalamu 200, katundu wosapitirira makilogalamu 1000, komanso mphamvu ya injini yosapitirira ma kilowatts 15. Njira yozungulira yogawidwa imatha kupereka mphamvu ya 75-100 Nm, ndi mphamvu yotulutsa ya 20-25 kW ndi mphamvu yopitilira ya 15 kW.
Vuto la axial flux lili mu momwe ma copper windings amachotsera kutentha, zomwe zimakhala zovuta chifukwa kutentha kuyenera kudutsa mu rotor. Kuzungulira kogawidwa ndiye chinsinsi chothetsera vutoli, chifukwa lili ndi malo ambiri olumikizirana. Mwanjira imeneyi, pali malo akuluakulu pakati pa copper ndi chipolopolo, ndipo kutentha kumatha kusamutsidwa kupita kunja ndikutulutsidwa ndi makina oziziritsira amadzimadzi wamba.
Ma poles angapo a maginito ndi ofunikira kwambiri pakugwiritsa ntchito mawonekedwe a mafunde a sinusoidal, omwe amathandiza kuchepetsa ma harmonics. Ma harmonics awa amaonekera ngati kutentha kwa maginito ndi pakati, pomwe zigawo zamkuwa sizingathe kunyamula kutentha. Kutentha kukasonkhana m'maginito ndi pakati pa chitsulo, mphamvu imachepa, ndichifukwa chake kukonza mawonekedwe a mawimbi ndi njira yotenthetsera ndikofunikira kwambiri pakugwira ntchito bwino kwa mota.
Kapangidwe ka injini kakonzedwa bwino kuti kachepetse ndalama ndikupangitsa kuti pakhale kupanga zinthu zambiri zokha. Mphete yolumikizira yotuluka siifuna kukonza zinthu movutikira ndipo imatha kuchepetsa ndalama zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito. Chozunguliracho chimatha kukulungidwa mwachindunji ndipo njira yolumikizira imagwiritsidwa ntchito panthawi yozungulira kuti pakhale mawonekedwe oyenera.
Mfundo yofunika kwambiri ndi yakuti coil imapangidwa ndi waya wamba wogulitsidwa, pomwe chitsulo chapakati chimakutidwa ndi chitsulo chosinthika chomwe chimayikidwa pashelefu, chomwe chimangofunika kudulidwa bwino. Mapangidwe ena a injini amafuna kugwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zofewa zamaginito poyika pakati, zomwe zingakhale zodula kwambiri.
Kugwiritsa ntchito ma windings ogawidwa kumatanthauza kuti chitsulo cha maginito sichiyenera kugawidwa m'magawo; Zitha kukhala zosavuta kupanga komanso zosavuta kupanga. Kuchepetsa kukula kwa chitsulo cha maginito ndikuonetsetsa kuti kupanga kwake kosavuta kumakhudza kwambiri kuchepetsa ndalama.
Kapangidwe ka mota iyi ya axial flux kangathenso kusinthidwa malinga ndi zosowa za makasitomala. Makasitomala ali ndi mitundu yosinthidwa yopangidwa motsatira kapangidwe koyambira. Kenako amapangidwa pamzere woyesera wopanga kuti atsimikizire kupanga koyambirira, komwe kumatha kubwerezedwanso m'mafakitale ena.
Kusintha kwa makina kumachitika makamaka chifukwa chakuti magwiridwe antchito a galimotoyo samadalira kapangidwe ka injini ya axial magnetic flux yokha, komanso mtundu wa kapangidwe ka galimotoyo, batire yake, ndi BMS.
Nthawi yotumizira: Sep-28-2023
